Pathogen Variety
63 * ten eight ± dos.72 * 10 nine ), with N. ceranae (step 1.58 * 10 eight ± 3.56 * 10 8 ), BQCV (4.84 * 10 6 ± 1 RevisiГіn del sitio de citas de MPWH.52 * ten 8 ), and you may DWV (8.forty * ten 5 ± 1.54 * ten seven ) (Desk S3). An equivalent variety fashion was in fact filed into the for each and every area and you may webpages (Desk S3).
The greatest wealth is found in Halictus scabiosae having DWV (ten * ten 8 ), when you look at the Anthidium loti and you can Episyrphus balteatus to have KBV (10 * 10 5 ); in the Halictus fulvipes, Andrena hattorfiana, and Osmia bicornis to have ABPV (10 * 10 6 ); from inside the Eucera eucnemidea for CBPV and SBV (10 * 10 10 and ten * ten seven , respectively); from inside the Bombus sylvarum to possess BQCV (10 * ten nine ); inside the Anthidium florentinum and Lasioglossum villosulum for AmFV (ten * ten 5 ); when you look at the H. fulvipes and Bombus terrestris for N. ceranae (ten * ten 9 ); when you look at the Bombus pascuorum and you can B. terrestris getting C. bombi (ten * 10 7 ); for the An effective. florentinum and you may Age. eucnemidea getting S. apis (10 * 10 5 ); and also in Halictus simplex and you will Andrena distinguenda having S. melliferum (ten * ten six ) (Table S1). One or two some one (Chelostoma rapunculi and Lasioglossum malachurum) sampled into the July for the ERMO was in fact positive getting L. passim (10 * ten step three ) (Desk S1), while you are several people sampled within the July, H. simplex and Halictus cochlearitarsis, correspondingly, away from PIAI and you can ERES were receive self-confident to own Good. apis (ten * 10 5 ) (Table S1).
For everyone pathogens except CBPV, L. passim, and you may S. apis, the brand new machine taxon, sampling site, and few days was tall predictors from variety (Dining table 5). All of the about three items listed above was in fact significantly synchronised to the abundance regarding DWV, BQCV, Letter. ceranae, and you will C. bombi.
Desk 5 Significativity of one’s sampling site, taxon, and month of your own range once the predictors out of pathogen abundance (Kruskal–Wallis study).
Regular Styles
Inside the March, a leading frequency out of pathogens is recognized, due mainly to the newest constant density of one another Letter. ceranae and you may DWV. Immediately following a steep disappear, each other N. ceranae and you will DWV started again growing, interacting with a top inside the September. not, all round pathogen abundance peaked inside July, immediately following a stable raise into the early in the day year (Figure 3).
Figure step 3 Pathogen prevalence (top) and you can wealth (bottom) about testing seasons (March–October) in the crazy variety (left) and Apis mellifera (right). Abundance is found since the a quantitative logarithm.
Detail by detail blog post-hoc comparisons was advertised during the Desk S4. Statistical differences in pathogen wealth are given in Figures S1, S2. Temporarily, into the March, a significantly large variety from ABPV and you may N. ceranae is imagined, whereas the fresh variety out-of S. melliferum is actually somewhat highest in-may. Plus, the newest variety away from BQCV and you will C. bombi was somewhat large for the June, the brand new wealth away from DWV and you will SBV is somewhat high inside the FV is actually notably highest in the Sep. Zero tall differences have been seen to own KBV, CBPV, L. passim, S. apis, and you may Good. apis (p > 0.05).
Virus Phylogenesis
The latest widespread sequences had been learned to elucidate you are able to structural spatial and you may/or temporary parallels. All the sequenced viruses separated on the additional pollinator kinds belonged toward same strainsparing the good anyone for every single widespread sequence contributed to finest homology. Therefore, these analyses was basically held within level of the servers variety rather than privately. Most of the widespread sequences had been just like the Western european trojan sequences obtainable in GenBank.
All of the sequences owned by ABPV (letter = 33) (Figure cuatro) and you can AmFV (letter = 14) (Shape 5) which were accepted within this data clustered during the a huge unmarried clade. The latest sequences don’t differ among some servers species and you can testing internet sites.