New sibling repaired consequences define 65% of your type inside the studies within decide to favorable link try
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
In our try there are 676 siblings, from which 302 had been ple (while they are from children in which one girl are married very early) possess fathers with significantly lower instructional attainment, are more inclined to become Muslim, and are generally very likely to live in rural elements
If we mention the latest the total amount to which state and you may town fixed effects just take differences in personal and monetary disadvantage because of the examining their ability to explain adaptation for the academic attainment, we discover that the community repaired effects identify over 30% regarding the adaptation, considerably more compared to the step three% informed me from the state repaired outcomes. All of the type was however within villages.
We very first present estimations you to handle getting province*time-trend FE then village*time-revolution FE. I following wade a step subsequent because of the presenting overall performance where we estimate brother repaired consequences habits where in actuality the coefficients try estimated off reviews from siblings, among just who had hitched early plus the other whom did perhaps not. It evaluation control for everybody family properties, one another observable and you may unobservable, knowledgeable because of the siblings e.g., household members records. This not cuts down on the latest try. These answers are therefore best read to be appropriate so you’re able to home from a lot more old-fashioned and lower socio-monetary homes. Footnote ten
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.